大白菜TPS基因家族鉴定及其在高温胁迫下的表达分析

为明确大白菜TPS(BrTPS)家族成员信息及对高温胁迫信号的响应,本研究利用生物信息学方法,在大白菜基因组数据库中鉴定了BrTPS基因家族成员,并对其理化性质、进化特征、蛋白结构及在高温胁迫下的表达模式进行分析。结果表明,大白菜全基因组含有15个TPS基因家族成员,分布于8条染色体上。除BrTPS14和BrTPS15外,其余成员各含有1个TPS和1个TPP结构域,并且所含motif的排列顺序也完全一致。理化性质分析发现,15个成员的氨基酸长度介于129~1459 aa之间,分子量大小在14.73~165.83 kD之间,大部分BrTPS蛋白为酸性蛋白和亲水蛋白,以无规则卷曲作为二级结构主要构成元件。进化分析表明,大白菜TPS基因家族成员可分为2类,其中ClassⅠ包含5个成员,ClassⅡ包含10个成员。本研究对高温胁迫前后不同组织和持续高温胁迫下叶片中的表达分析,发现大部分的BrTPS基因可对高温胁迫产生响应,但在表达规律上存在差异。这些研究结果为后续研究大白菜TPS基因提供一定参考。     

AMF促进植物吸收矿质元素的生理机制及对土壤硫素的影响

由于人口不断增长,人们要快速得到高产高质粮食的要求迫切,大量使用化肥,导致了有害物质残留,土壤或水污染,土壤板结或某些营养元素相对匮乏等一系列环境问题。丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)是土壤内常见的共生结构,由AM真菌(AMF)与土壤根系形成。已有研究表明其可通过分泌代谢物,增大根系与土壤接触面积,调节某些土壤元素存在形式等多种途径,影响植物对土壤元素的吸收转运。硫是维持植物生长发育的必需元素之一,可由于植物对S的需要并不如N,P,K大量,现代农业在对土壤进行施肥过程中往往将其忽略,因此土壤缺S正逐渐成为中国农业发展的限制因素。为了解决以上问题,本文将主要对AMF影响植物吸收土壤元素的途径及生理机制进行总结分析。并根据其作用方式特点进一步分析AM共生对植物吸收转运硫素的影响,指出AMF作为生物化肥的可行性,以期为解决现代化肥的替代问题以及土壤缺硫问题提供新的思路。     

完善我国动物卫生监测制度措施的若干建议

动物疫病监测是防治动物疫病的关键。世界动物卫生组织（OIE）是动物卫生领域的权威国际组织，在动物疫病等卫生监测方面制定了科学的标准规则。本文拟在研究OIE标准规则的基础上，立足实际，提出进一步完善我国动物疫病监测制度措施的意见建议。     

非洲猪瘟区域化防控有关思考

非洲猪瘟疫情的发生给我国养猪产业造成了严重冲击。国外的非洲猪瘟防控经验和我国的区域化管理实践说明，区域化防控已成为当前非洲猪瘟防控的必然举措。本文阐述了非洲猪瘟区域化防控的必要性、紧迫性及可行性，结合当前国家防控政策，将防疫大区纳入无疫区建设范畴，形成无疫小区、无疫省、无疫大区由点到面到片的区域化管理战略布局，从根本上提高养殖者生物安全意识，管控各环节非洲猪瘟传入风险。同时提出应做好顶层设计，强化政府推动；出台非洲猪瘟无疫区和无疫小区建设标准；完善配套机制，优化市场准入机制，以保障做好非洲猪瘟区域化防控工作。     

A Lymphoid Organ Specific Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor from Litopenaeus vannamei Exhibits Strong Antimicrobial Activities

Different shrimp species are known to possess apparent distinct resistance to different pathogens in aquaculture. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this finding still remains unknown. One kind of important antimicrobial peptides, anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALF), exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Here, we reported a newly identified ALF from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and compared the immune function with its counterpart in the shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The ALF, designated as LvALF8, was specifically expressed in the lymphoid organ of L. vannamei. The expression level of LvALF8 was apparently changed after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenges. The synthetic LBD peptide of LvALF8 (LvALF8-LBD) showed strong antibacterial activities against most tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. LvALF8-LBD could also inhibit the in vivo propagation of WSSV similar as FcALF8-LBD, the LBD of LvALF8 counterpart in F. chinensis. However, LvALF8-LBD and FcALF8-LBD exhibited apparently different antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus, the main pathogen causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) of affected shrimp. A structural analysis showed that the positive net charge and amphipathicity characteristics of LvALF8-LBD peptide were speculated as two important components for its enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to those of FcALF8-LBD. These new findings may not only provide some evidence to explain the distinct disease resistance among different shrimp species, but also lay out new research ground for the testing and development of LBD-originated antimicrobial peptides to control of shrimp diseases.     

免疫层析技术及应用的研究进展

免疫层析技术是一类以纳米级标记物探针作为示踪和标记物的检测技术。此类技术除了具有操作简易、反应迅速和时耗较短等特点外,还兼具低成本和高特异性,尤其适用于临场检测。免疫层析技术的发展随着时代需求也在不断加速和更新,现以经典的胶体金免疫层析技术为基础,综述时间分辨与镧系元素荧光免疫层析、荧光微球免疫层析、量子点免疫层析、纳米模拟酶免疫层析及结合新技术的免疫层析的原理、研究进展和临床应用,并对免疫层析技术的未来发展做出展望。     

加工与贮藏条件对偃松种鳞精油抑菌活性和功能稳定性的影响

以偃松(Pinus pumila)种鳞为试验材料,采用盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油;以大肠杆菌(Esche-richia coli)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella)4种常见腐败菌为供试菌,以抑菌圈直径、最低抑菌浓度、最低杀菌浓度为评价指标,分析热、酸碱性、光照、金属离子和壳聚糖等处理条件对偃松种鳞精油抑菌活性和功能稳定性的影响.结果表明:偃松种鳞精油对4种供试菌种均有明显的抑菌效果,对革兰氏阴性菌的抑菌效果强于对革兰氏阳性菌的抑菌效果.精油抑菌稳定性试验表明,4℃长时间贮藏、25℃短时间处理、紫外线处理,对精油抑菌活性无显著影响;在60、80℃处理时,精油的抑菌活性明显下降;而酸性、金属离子(CaCl2、KCl、FeCl3、FeCl2)、壳聚糖处理时,均提高了种鳞精油的抑菌活性.     

近自然经营对马尾松林不同发展阶段竞争关系的影响

以实施近自然经营措施8a后的幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林3个不同发展阶段的马尾松(Pinus massoni-ana Lamb.)林为研究对象,根据Hegyi竞争指数,探讨近自然经营对马尾松林竞争关系的影响.结果表明:调查林分中马尾松是数量最多的树种且占据绝对优势地位;实施近自然经营措施的林分中马尾松的优势度较对应的对照林分明显降低,主要伴生树种杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana Hance)、白栎(Quercus fabri Hance)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima Carruth)等优势度明显提升.随着径级的增大,马尾松林分整体竞争强度逐渐减小,经营林分更为明显.林木的竞争强度与胸径均符合幂函数关系,竞争强度随着个体的增大而减小;经营林分的趋势线比相应对照林分更平缓,更易达到稳定状态.不同发展阶段各树种的竞争强度均表现为经营林分马尾松的竞争强度与相应对照林分相比明显降低;伴生树种的竞争强度明显提升.综上,近自然经营能够有效改善马尾松林竞争关系,加速林分达到稳定状态.     

纳米孔测序技术在疾病检测中的研究进展

近几年兴起的纳米孔测序技术(nanopore sequencing)为新一代测序技术,又称第三代测序技术,已开始应用于细菌、病毒、抗生素耐药及动物疫病等多个领域的检测。虽然在实际应用中仍存在一些瓶颈,包括测序精度不高、样品制备过程需要优化等,但该技术在疾病检测方面存在明显优势,包括可直接检测碱基修饰,超长读长、高分辨率和实时测序以及强大的生物信息学支持。未来,随着准确性的提高和性能的不断改进,加之在成本、测序时间和生物信息学分析方面的明显优势,纳米孔测序技术有望在临床实验室成为疾病检测的重要选择。本文通过综述该技术的原理、应用及在疾病检测中的优势,以期为纳米孔测序技术的进一步应用研究提供支持。     

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Depolymerized Glycosaminoglycan from Holothuria fuscopunctata,a Novel Anticoagulant Candidate,in Rats by Bioanalytical Methods

dHG-5 (Mw 5.3 kD) is a depolymerized glycosaminoglycan from sea cucumber Holothuria fuscopunctata. As a selective inhibitor of intrinsic Xase (iXase), preclinical study showed it was a promising anticoagulant candidate without obvious bleeding risk. In this work, two bioanalytical methods based on the anti-iXase and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) prolongation activities were established and validated to determine dHG-5 concentrations in plasma and urine samples. After single subcutaneous administration of dHG-5 at 5, 9, and 16.2 mg/kg to rats, the time to peak concentration (T_max) was at about 1 h, and the peak concentration (C_max) was 2.70, 6.50, and 10.11 μg/mL, respectively. The plasma elimination half-life(T_1/2β) was also about 1 h and dHG-5 could be almost completely absorbed after s.c. administration. Additionally, the pharmacodynamics of dHG-5 was positively correlated with its pharmacokinetics, as determined by rat plasma APTT and anti-iXase method, respectively. dHG-5 was mainly excreted by urine as the unchanged parent drug and about 60% was excreted within 48 h. The results suggested that dHG-5 could be almost completely absorbed after subcutaneous injection and the pharmacokinetics of dHG-5 are predictable. Studying pharmacokinetics of dHG-5 could provide valuable information for future clinical studies.